   | Description: Background papers discussing key ethical issues for pandemic preparedness and response Abstract: In March 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) convened four working groups to review the literature and develop preliminary conclusions on key ethical issues in pandemic preparedness and response. This volume includes the background papers prepared by these working groups and include: 1) equitable access to therapeutic and prophylactic measures; 2) isolation, quarantine, border control, and social distancing; 3) role and obligations of health-care workers during an influenza pandemic; and 4) pandemic influenza planning and response – transnational issues for governments. Related documents:
Ethical Considerations in Developing a Public Health Response to Pandemic Influenza |
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 | Pages: 1; Description: The algorithm assists tertiary health care facilities to appropriately triage cases of pandemic influenza. Abstract: The algorithm specifies the process of triaging influenza patients for differing treatments including referral back to home care. The algorithm also highlights the infection control measures at each step of patient management. Related documents:
Algorithm for Clinical Management of Patients at the Primary Health Care Level |
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 | Description: This guidance provides updated information for health care providers managing patients with suspected or confirmed pandemic (H1N1) 2009.The key topics in the guidance include the following: risk factors for severe disease, signs and symptoms of progressive disease, diagnosis, treatment, both outpatient and in hospitals, and clinical care for resource-poor settings. |
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 | Description: Guide for field operations Abstract: The protocol discusses the specimen collection, packing and shipment, allowing ease of use at field level and to provide the data needed to confirm the diagnosis of A(H5N1) infection. The document describes the minimum number and types of specimen collected; enhances the chances of obtaining a positive result if the patient is infected with A(H5N1); allow the potential identification of respiratory pathogens other than A(H5N1); contribute to work designed to increase understanding of the pathogenesis if A(H5N1) disease including the potential duration of infectiousness. |
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 | Pages: 1; Description: This guideline outlines briefly in a one-page document the considerations for undertaking exercises to validate pandemic preparedness plans. Abstract: As pandemic preparedness and response plans are complex and multi-sectoral in nature, validation of these plans is critical to ensure operability in a crisis. This guideline outlines briefly in a one-page document the considerations for undertaking exercises to validate pandemic preparedness plans. |
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 | Description: Communication strategies serve as an integral component of national pandemic influenza plans, enabling ideas to be turned into actions. Given the potential impact of pandemic influenza, detailed plans on what to communicate, how to do it, to whom and by who must be planned and repeatedly revised-for all pandemic phases and for all audiences.
The following is a guide and some considerations for creating a communication strategy and a preparedness check off list. Each section focuses on a target audience and will require an action plan detailing how each activity will be carried out. The plan also should include the goals, methods, participants and costs for each activity. Subsequent annexes serve as examples and provide additional information on such topics as key messages, ways of dealing with the media, and basic aspects of risk communication. |
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 | Description: Guide to assist with creating and tracking the progress of pandemic planning Abstract: A comprehensive plan should be part of an overarching hazard emergency management programme. The document describes the different steps for the planning process and considerations and task for each of these steps. |
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 | Description: Guide on effective media communication during a public health emergency Abstract: The handbook describes a seven-step process to help public health officials and others to communicate effectively through the media during emergencies. The process is based upon the belief that it is better to take action to positively guide events and situations before they occur than to respond after they develop. By implementing such an approach, public health organizations and officials will be in a much stronger position to guide media coverage and ensure that their messages become highly visible and clearly heard. |
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 | Pages: 415; Description: This course is designed to provide the fundamentals of exercise design and to teach the design and conduct of an exercise. Abstract: This course is designed to provide the fundamentals of exercise design and to teach the design and conduct of an exercise. It addresses: 1) the value of conducting exercises; 2) the components of a comprehensive exercise programme; 3) the exercise development process. |
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 | Pages: 91; Description: The report seeks to provide guidelines on good practice for payment of compensation as part of HPAI stamping-out strategies. Abstract: An effective and efficient compensation scheme will compensate appropriate beneficiaries for appropriate losses at an appropriate level, with only a short interval between culling and payment of the compensation. This will only be possible if a number of elements are already in place before an outbreak. This guideline provides mechanisms to strengthen a compensation system. |
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 | Description: Document provides guidance on developing a publicly-discussed ethical framework to maintain public trust, promote compliance, and minimize social disruption and economic loss during the pandemic alert period and the pandemic period. Abstract: The document focusses on priority setting and equitable access to resources, restriction of individual's movements as a result of non-pharmaceutical interventions, the respective obligations of health care workers and their employers and governments, and the obligations of countries vis-à-vis each other. The document also addresses the need for transparent and timely sharing of information to improve evidence-based policy design and facilitate public engagement in the decision-making process. Related documents:
Addressing Ethical Issues in Pandemic Influenza Planning - Discussion Papers |
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 | Description: Guide to develop exercises for the validation of influenza pandemic preparedness plans Abstract: The exercise process is a useful tool to assist in the development of plans. Exercises can be used at each stage of plan development to test the practicality of proposed actions. The guide describes the different types of exercises, the planning and designing of an exercise, as well as the administering and conducting of an exercise. |
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 | Pages: 27; Description: This guideline describes the strategies and methods for influenza surveillance in swine populations in light of the 2009 A/(H1N1) pandemic. Abstract: This guideline describes the strategies and methods for influenza surveillance in swine populations in light of the 2009 A/(H1N1) pandemic. The adaptation of disease surveillance schemes to different pig production systems, especially disease surveillance targeting backyard or small pig producers, in particular in developing countries, is encouraged. Surveillance at this level should include the active participation of local communities and farmers to actively report respiratory cases in pigs. |
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 | Pages: 1; Description: The flowchart aids in the decision making process for school closure during pandemic influenza outbreaks. Abstract: The flowchart provides different thresholds for action depending on the type of school: conventional school, special school and nurseries. |
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  | Pages: 49; Description: This guidance focuses on social issues and reactions to a pandemic that could cripple economies, interrupt harvest, processing, transport, sales and distribution of basic food supplies. Abstract: This guidance focuses on social issues and reactions to a pandemic that could cripple economies, interrupt harvest, processing, transport, sales and distribution of basic food supplies. These could increase rates of malnutrition and, for those already malnourished, increase rates of mortality. This document is organized to provide guidance for community leaders in particular, as well as national leaders, with a final technical section that provides analysis for how local efforts can be supported by regional and international cooperation. |
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 | Description: Successful containment or control of pandemic influenza will rely on early recognition of sustained human-to-human transmission which requires a system for outbreak detection, rapid data collection, analysis, assessment and timely reporting. Early detection of the start of a pandemic is crucial to rapidly implement measures to stop the pandemic at its source and to prevent millions of deaths, social disruption and economic loss. As part of national pandemic preparedness planning each country should prepare for enhanced surveillance to (i) detect the emergence of the new disease, (ii) characterize the disease (epidemiology, clinical manifestations, severity) and (iii) monitor its evolution. |
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 | Description: The following guidelines provide information for classifying infectious substances for transportation and ensuring their safe packaging. They stress the importance of developing a working relationship between those involved – the sender, the carrier and the receiver – in order to provide for safe and expeditious transport of these materials. |
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 | Pages: 1; Description: The poster outlines steps to reduce the risk of influenza A/H1N1 2009 spread during Hajj and Umra. Abstract: The poster recommends hand hygiene, cough etiquette, regular cleaning of surfaces, isolating suspected cases and minimizing close contact. These concepts are presented pictorially for accessibility to audiences of all ages and knowledge background. |
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 | Pages: 2; Description: This guideline outlines how a laboratory can become a National Influenza Centre and Member of the Global Influenza Surveillance Network to participate in the global alert mechanism for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential. Abstract: This guideline outlines how a laboratory can become a National Influenza Centre and Member of the Global Influenza Surveillance Network to participate in the global alert mechanism for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential. |
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 | Pages: 1; Description: The poster outlines steps to reduce the risk of disease spread in schools and nurseries. Abstract: The poster recommends hand hygiene, cough etiquette, good ventilation, regular cleaning of surfaces, isolating suspected cases and minimizing mass gatherings. These concepts are presented pictorially for accessibility to audiences of all ages and knowledge background. |
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 | Description: The guidance identifies a minimum set of data that can feasibly be collected in all settings, thereby allowing all Member States to participate in the global surveillance effort while collecting useful information to guie their own national control efforts. |
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 | Description: New interim guidelines for infection control in health care settings for epidemic and pandemic-prone respiratory diseases Abstract: The document provides infection control guidance to help prevent the transmission of acute infectious respiratory diseases during health care, with emphasis on acute respiratory diseases that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern. The document describes infection control recommendations, the principles of environmental ventilation for airborne infections, the main components of HCF preparedness plans to prevent and control ARD outbreaks, as well as background information for the recommendations. |
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 | Pages: 3; Description: The guidance outlines influenza control measures at points of entry, disease surveillance for returnees and other public health considerations such as hotlines. Abstract: Hajj is a unique annual mass gathering where more than two million Muslims congregate in Mekka and Madina in Saudi Arabia from more than 150 countries around the world. The continuing spread of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus may potentially pose a risk to the countries from their returnee Hajj pilgrims owing to the special religious rituals that the Hajjees go through in very crowded conditions during the pilgrimage. This guidance outlines the measures to reduce the risk of disease spread once pilgrims return home. |
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 | Description: The purpose of this document is to outline key planning considerations for organizers of mass gatherings in the context of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza. |
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 | Description: This document contains the following: summary of current knowledge of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus, biorisk management checklist for laboratory managers and staff and recommendations addressing minimal/essential working conditions associated with
specific manipulations in laboratory settings. |
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 | Description: This booklet is a summary guidance drawn from the WHO guidelines entitled “Infection prevention and control of epidemic- and pandemic-prone acute respiratory diseases in health care. WHO Interim Guidelines” |
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 | Pages: 153; Description: The manual is composed of two parts.
Part 1: The virology and epidemiology, control and surveillance of influenza
Part 2: The laboratory diagnosis and virological surveillance
of influenza Abstract: WHO developed the Manual for the laboratory diagnosis and virological surveillance of influenza in order to strengthen the laboratory diagnosis and virological surveillance of influenza infection by providing standard methods for the collection, detection, isolation and characterization of viruses. |
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 | Description: Sample strategy, structure and operational plan for outbreak and pandemic communication Abstract: The document provides a guidance on how to move from strategy to goal by identifying areas which may have been overlooked or where relationships between functions are not clear. This is discussed in the context of outbreaks and pandemics Related documents:
Structure Outbreak Communication |
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 | Pages: 34; Description: This guide will provide information and suggestions to ensure an effective response to outbreaks in your area. Abstract: This Guide will help you think through elements essential to communicating about a disease that could strike your country or region. |
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 | Abstract: Influenza pandemics are unpredictable but recurring events that can have severe consequences on human health and economic well being worldwide. Advance planning and preparedness are critical to help mitigate the impact of a global pandemic. This presentation The document should be used as a guide to inform and harmonize national and international preparedness and response before, during and after an influenza pandemic. Countries should develop or update national influenza preparedness and response plans that address the recommendations in this Guidance. This document is not intended to replace national plans which should be developed by each country. |
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 | Pages: 10; Description: This guideline suggests a framework for readiness and actions that could be taken by authorities responsible for essential infrastructure services. Abstract: The ‘framework for readiness’ is an approach by which countries can improve their preparedness for influenza pandemic. It emphasizes the interdependence of all sectors of society at all levels. The framework suggests 5 key principles: (1) a whole-of-society approach, (2) preparedness at all levels, (3) attention to critical interdependencies, (4) a scenario-based response, and (5) respect for ethical norms. |
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 | Pages: 72; Description: The purpose of this guideline is to teach the user how to design and implement rapid participatory action research – lasting about one month at the onset of a disease outbreak or other event for which a rapid response is required. Abstract: The purpose of participatory action research is to ensure that communication strategies encourage people to change their behavior in a way that is consistent with their culture, livelihood strategies, gender division of labor, etc. both to respect their human rights and to ensure that change actually happens. This is presented in this guideline using the example of avian influenza A/H5N1, however, the principles apply to many diseases. |
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 | Pages: 398; Description: The guidelines contains the following topics: Triage and emergency conditions; Diagnostic approach to the sick child; Problems of the neonate and young infants; Cough or difficulty breathing; Diarrhoea; Fever; Severe malnutrition; Children with HIV/AIDS; Common surgical problems; Supportive care; Monitoring the child's progress; and, counselling and discharge from hospital. Abstract: This pocket book is for use by doctors, senior nurses and other senior health workers who are responsible for the care of young children at the first referral level in developing countries. It presents up-to-date clinical guidelines which are based on a review of the available published evidence by subject experts, for both inpatient and outpatient care in small hospitals where basic laboratory facilities and essential drugs and inexpensive medicines are available. In some settings, these guidelines can be used in the larger health centres where a small number of sick children can be admitted for inpatient care. |
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 | Pages: 52; Description: The guideline describes the steps to directly and indirectly measure
influenza disease burden. Abstract: The guideline provides information on how to conduct epidemiological studies
on influenza disease burden and to evaluate the clinical and economic burden of
disease in countries where there is little recognition of influenza and no
control policies are in place. |
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 | Pages: 40; Description: The guideline describes the steps needed to maximize the information for
action arising from virological and epidemiological influenza surveillance. Abstract: Improvements in national surveillance systems that facilitate the collection
and analysis of both virological and epidemiological data are essential, in
order to provide a more complete understanding of the burden of influenza. Such
improvements also have the added benefit of increasing pandemic preparedness.
This guideline is designed to assist the Ministry of Health staff responsible
for establishing, operating and improving national influenza surveillance
systems. |
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 | Pages: 2; Description: This guideline provides a brief summary of key health services to maintain during a pandemic. Abstract: The guideline addresses prevention programs; treatment for acute communicable diseases, including pneumonia, diarrhea, fever and malaria; and priority outpatient programs addressing acute malnutrition, TB, HIV/AIDS, and reproductive health. |
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 | Pages: 33; Description: This guideline provides a protocol for measuring pandemic influenza vaccine effectiveness in the target groups including in those 65 years old and above. Abstract: The protocol is designed for countries in the European Union and for those in the European Economic Area, where there are two protocols for case control studies to assess vaccine effectiveness. The protocol may be a model for other countries considering undertaking vaccine effectiveness assessments. |
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 | Pages: 21; Description: This guideline provides mechanisms to estimate the relative risk (RR) of defined outcome(s) in vaccinated versus unvaccinated individuals of a defined target group for pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness. Abstract: This is a generic outline protocol that needs to be adapted to country-specific priorities and needs. The generic protocol includes the minimum requirements to be included in the cohort study protocols for seasonal and pandemic influenza. It represents the state of knowledge about the pandemic in August 2009. |
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 | Description: Recommendations and laboratory procedures for detection of avian influenza Abstract: The document provides guidance on specimen collecting and handling, laboratory requirements, confirmation of results, available laboratory techniques for detection of influenza A viruses in humans, and serological identification of antibodies against avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses. |
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 | Description: Recommendations for laboratories receiving requests to test for specimen from patients with an influenza-like illness Abstract: Initial laboratory testing of each specimen should be to diagnose influenza A virus infection rapidly and exclude other common viral respiratory infections. The recommendations for procedures include: rapid antigen detection, virus culture, and polymerase chain reaction and Real-time PCR assays. Specimen with positive result should be further tested and verified by a designated WHO H5 Reference laboratory. |
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 | Description: This guidance aims to provide strategies for prevention and treatment, at the community and household levels, and to provide recommendations to support a minimum level of continuity for priority public health programmes during a pandemic. |
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 | Description: The components of the framework for reducing transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in school settings include the following 3 areas namely: planning in advance, implementing measures to reduce transmission and assessing the role of class suspension and/or school closure |
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 | Pages: 50; Description: This Guide is separated into two parts: Part 1: Risk Communication Planning and Part 2: Taking Action and Communicating Effectively during and Outbreak. Abstract: In this Guide, a team-based approach is applied to the scenario of a disease outbreak, leading you through the steps necessary to: 1) plan and develop a communication response, and 2) implement the plan. It will provide you with practical direction on how to effectively communicate correct information and what to do during the pre-outbreak, outbreak, and post-outbreak periods. Many of these skills can also be applied to other risk and emergency situations. |
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 | Description: Description of role of National Influenza Centres during Interpandemic, Pandemic Alert and Pandemic Periods Abstract: The document provides guidance to national authorities on how to properly integrate the key component of laboratory-related activities into the national influenza pandemic preparedness plan and other national plans, and define the role of NICs and the recommended actions they should take during the different periods of influenza pandemic preparedness. |
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 | Pages: 1; Description: This guideline describes the safe transport of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus cultures, isolates and patient specimens as Biological Substance, Category B. Abstract: This guideline describes the safe transport of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus cultures, isolates and patient specimens as Biological Substance, Category B. |
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 | Pages: 24; Description: This guideline provides an overview of strategic communication as it applies to pandemic influenza in low and middle income countries. Abstract: The guideline provides a framework for planners to develop country-specific social mobilization and behavior change communication strategies for pandemic influenza. These strategies incorporate communication objectives, participant groups, desired behaviors, types of messages, selection of channels, and approaches to communication planning and implementation in support of country-level efforts for pandemic influenza response. |
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 | Description: This document is addressed to infection control professionals, occupational health specialists and other professionals involved in patient care in health-care facilities. It is designed to provide quick reference guidance on infection prevention and control to help prevent the transmission of acute infectious respiratory diseases during health care. |
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 | Pages: 5; Description: This guideline describes the objectives and mechanisms for surveillance and reporting globally in the postpandemic period for A/(H1N1) 2009 pandemic. Abstract: The purpose of surveillance in the post/pandemic period is to provide information that will enable timely epidemic or pandemic detection, inform health policy decisions and influenza management strategies, and guide influenza vaccine development and prioritization. This guideline describes the objectives and mechanisms for surveillance and reporting globally. |
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 | Pages: 2; Description: This guideline describes the terms of reference for National Influenza Centres. Abstract: The terms of reference for National Influenza Centres include being a focal point for WHO and the country on all questions relating to virological and epidemiological surveillance of influenza, and maintaining active communication with the members of the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network on isolation of unusual viruses or disease outbreaks. |
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 | Pages: 32; Description: The document contains the following; What is influenza?; How is influenza diagnosed?; Why and how is influenza activity monitored?; Potential roles of rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs); How do rapid influenza diagnostic tests work?; How effectively do rapid tests detect influenza?; Deciding whether to use RIDTs and understanding what rapid test results mean; What to consider before selecting an RIDT for purchase; Transporting and storing RIDTs; Evaluating the quality of the testing programme Abstract: This user’s guide provides general information on RIDTs and possible
applications according to the availability of local epidemiology and
influenza laboratory services. In particular, it highlights the limitations of these tests. The aim of this document is to ensure appropriate use and interpretation of the results of RIDTs combined with guidance on good quality planning prior to test deployment so that case management and disease control efforts are optimized. |
|
 | Description: A tool to assist countries assessing their Pandemic Preparedness plan Abstract: The capacity of countries for influenza pandemic planning varies, and they may be at different stages of the planning process. The aim of the pandemic preparedness checklist is primarily to provide an outline of the essential minimum elements of preparedness, as well as elements of preparedness that are considered desirable. It is recommended that responsible authorities or institutes in countries that are in the process of planning should consider the specific aspects of the checklist for which they are responsible. Countries that already have a national pandemic preparedness plan in place may use the checklist to evaluate the completeness of the current plan. |
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 | Description: The toolkit gives practical ways to communicate the organization's information, positions and role in advocating for health development. Abstract: The toolkit includes an overview of WHO's role in advocacy, the ways in which WHO communicates with stakeholders, practical tips for working with journalists, the do's and don'ts of print, radio, and television interviews, and a primer on crisis communications. |
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 | Description: Recommendations for monitoring spread of influenza Abstract: The WHO recommends enhanced surveillance for influenza A/H5 to ensure close global monitoring of the situation and coordination of the global response. As the epidemiological situation evolves, WHO will review these guidelines. |
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 | Description: Framework and approach for planning and conducting investigations of human cases of A(H5/N1) Abstract: The document reflects and incorporates the practical field experience gained by investigators working at international, national and sub-national levels during investigations of A(H5/N1). These guidelines provide essential information on how to conduct an investigation of human cases. They can assist in developing operational plans and procedures. |
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 | Description: This document provides information on the diagnostics available as of the above date for the human influenza A (H1N1) A/California/4/2009‐like viruses. Further diagnostic information will be updated when available. This is an update to the document published on WHO’s website on 18 August 2009. |
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 | Description: The document contains recommendations to competent authorities at point of entry in relation to case management of pandemic H1N1 2009 in ships. |
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 | Description: Outbreak communication handbook for journalists Abstract: The handbook provides information on reporting on the pandemic, the basics of influenza, the great unknowns (why there are no certain answers), the questions that can be answered, the different public health tools available, the WHO pandemic phases, pandemic preparedness, as well as the role of science journalists. Related documents:
WHO Outbreak Communication Planning Guide |
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 | Description: Recommendations to build public communication capacity Abstract: The guidance is to help national authorities apply the WHO outbreak communication principles to their outbreak plannning and preparation activities including: ensuring at-risk populations have the information they need to make well-informed decisions; supporting coordination and the efficient use of communication resources; providing relevant public health information to inform implicated non-health sectors; minimize social and economic disruption; and to maintain and build public trust in public health authorities. Related documents:
WHO Outbreak Communication - WHO Handbook for Journalists: Influenza Pandemic |
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 | Pages: 1; Description: This guideline describes pandemic phases in a tabular format. Abstract: The pandemic phases are described and the main actions are explained. Actions relate to planning and coordination, situation monitoring and assessment, communications, reducing the spread of the disease and continuity of health care provision. |
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 | Pages: 144; Description: The documents contains the following: Introduction and scope of guidance; Case definitions; Selection and location of sentinel sites; Selection of sentinel SARI and ILI/ARI cases for respiratory specimen collection; Epidemiologic data collection; Data analysis and reports; Laboratory specimen processing; Roles and responsibilities in sentinel surveillance; Monitoring, review and evaluation of the surveillance system, annexes and references. Abstract: The surveillance system components described in this guidance are intended to provide a platform for the heath care service‐based sentinel surveillance of primary care/outpatient and hospitalized disease caused by influenza and possibly other respiratory pathogens. Case definitions of influenza‐like illness (ILI) and acute respiratory infection (ARI) are suggested for the surveillance of primary care/outpatient illness related to influenza and other respiratory pathogens. A case definition for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) is provided as a standard to enumerate influenza infections leading
to hospitalization. This guidance is supported by examples of good practice, which are included throughout the document. |
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 | Description: This document compiles recommendations from existing guidelines for air travel and health as well as specific WHO guidelines related to influenza A(H1N1), where applicable for air transport, and outlines some measures to be taken by aircraft operators, airport operators airport personnel, crew members and national authorities. The guidance in this document should be adapted to the local situation, the national and international regulations, and guidelines provided in national pandemic preparedness plans. Mainly it addresses aspects in relation to first aid in flight and at airports, and it supports contingency planning to control public health risk and avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade. It is not intended to address all public health issues and related rules and regulations that may arise in relation to aircraft or airport operations. |
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 | Pages: 18; Description: The primary aim of this document is to support pandemic planning across all sectors of society, including public and private sector organizations and essential services. Abstract: These guidelines address the need to prepare the whole of society, beyond the health care sector, for pandemic influenza. The primary aim of this document is to support integrated planning and preparations for pandemic influenza across all sectors of society, including public and private sector organizations and essential services. |
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 | Pages: 20; Description: This guideline assists countries in achieving sustainable and functional collaboration between animal and human health sectors, which is crucial to addressing the challenges posed by endemic, emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. Abstract: This guideline assists countries in achieving sustainable and functional collaboration between animal and human health sectors, which is crucial to addressing the challenges posed by endemic, emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. It outlines step-by-step actions to develop appropriate collaborations in the four key areas identified in the Asia Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases (APSED) zoonoses work plan. These are surveillance and information sharing, coordinated response, risk reduction and collaborative research. |
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